Bio u4gp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bio u4gp - Essay Example Also contained in the digestive tract is a layer of muscle that helps in the process of breaking down food (The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2008). In addition to the aforementioned hollow digestive organs, there are also solid organs that produce or store digestive juices to aid in the digestive process. These solid organs are the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The liver and pancreas produce digestive fluids that travel to the intestine via ducts. The liver’s digestive juices are stored in the gallbladder until the intestine needs them. Also, there are parts in the nervous and circulatory system that play serious parts in the overall digestive process (The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2008). Also according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, â€Å"When you eat foods—such as bread, meat, and vegetables—they are not in a form that the body can use as nourishment. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before they can be absorbed into the blood and carried to cells throughout the body. Digestion is the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy.† According to Merck (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"Although an organ has a specific function, organs also function as part of a group, called an organ system. The organ system is the organizational unit by which medicine is studied, diseases are generally categorized, and treatments are planned.† The organ systems within the human body include the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, skin, musculoskeletal, blood, digestive, endocrine, urinary, male reproductive, and female reproductive systems. Organ systems do not function by themselves. Instead, they work with each other to accomplish tasks that are needed for the human organism to

Developing a Pre-sentence Investigation Report Interview Guide Essay

Developing a Pre-sentence Investigation Report Interview Guide - Essay Example ances of the arrest, the evidence or suspicion that led the officer to book the suspect, the crime of offense he or she is charged with, and the events after the suspect has been booked. The pre-sentence investigation report is usually prepared by the arresting or investigating officer once the defendant/ suspect or offender is at the police precinct. This document is usually presented before a judge in the course of the hearings that may transpire in the event the accused is found guilty of the crimes for which he has been booked. This is a legal requirement. The pre-sentence investigation report is the outcome of an interview between the defendant and the investigating officer and usually includes basic information about the defendant as well as the circumstances of the arrest and the crime of which he is being charged. A typical pre-sentence report would include the following details: The first question allows the defendant to tell his story or his version of the events in a completely open and unbiased manner. This is especially if the arresting officer is not the one who is interviewing the defendant. However the arresting officer’ s version of these events are also as important, if not more, as the defendant usually lies to protect himself and his real intentions. The second question allows the defendant to establish his version of the events and prove them by any evidential means possible. In a minority of cases, the arresting officer may be wrong or make an incorrect arrest depending on the circumstances, just to diffuse social tension or deal with the situation. That is why it is also important sometimes, where possible, to revisit the scene of the crime and try to contact any persons or witnesses who were there at the time the crime was committed or frequent the location or work there in the normal course of events. These witnesses or onlookers can provide invaluable clues as to the events that occurred (cjcj.org website, 2011) Q. 3. Is this your

Vampire and supernatural power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vampire and supernatural power - Essay Example 3) Second argument: Humans are increasingly using vampires to express the evil doings in the society. The vampires are considered evil and used to represent the evil person in the society. 4) Third argument; People are attempting to use vampires to link supernaturalism with science. Through use of technology, the vampires are accorded traits that demonstrate the changing understanding of religion. 5) Conclusion: There has been increased depiction of supernaturalism in the society. Advancement in technology has created a void in the psychology and spiritual life of humans. Humans are making use of vampires to fill this void. Introduction Since time immemorial, human have always engaged in telling stories, which are often in form of narratives and depict different aspects of the society. With advancement in technology, the tales have been converted into films. The stories depict the cultural belief and yearning in a society. In the twentieth century, vampire myths have dominated severa l aspects of the human culture. Vampires characterize modern day literature, television shows, spirituality, and other aspects of human life such as Halloween parties. Vampire image are often used in human cultures to represent some sort of supernaturalism. Although vampires are not a new phenomenon, they have become dominant in the contemporary society where they are often used to depict supernaturalism. Several narratives and film are based on vampire mythology. The narrative based films in the contemporary society demonstrate increased crave for vampire mythology. Several individuals, especially the psychologist have attempted to explain the change in trends toward vampire mythologies. This paper focuses on the reasons why the culture of supernatural is so popular in modern society. Additionally, the paper will examine if vampire legends fill psychological and spiritual void that has been created by advances in science and technology. Some people such as Del Toro and Hogan (Web) argue that the vampire legends fill psychological and spiritual void that have been created by advances in science and technology. This is true since with advancement in technology, the religious mythologies have lost credibility. They are been replaced by vampire legends. Just as people in the past tried to escape from reality by engaging in religious narratives, the contemporary society makes use of fiction to display supernaturalism. Use of vampire is thus a new technology-based approach to religious narratives. As the society becomes more technologically advanced and secularized, there has been a void in spiritual and psychological life, which artists are attempting to fill using vampires to represent supernaturalism and evil. Additionally, human are attempting to cope with life by avoiding reality. The vampires are unrealistic and used to explore the life after death. Humans with paranormal religious beliefs are believed to cope better with problems they cannot understand (Del Toro and Hogan Web). Another reason why the culture of supernatural is more popular in the contemporary society is the change in how people relate toward religion and spirituality. This has resulted in the changes in the concept of vampire. In the current world, vampires are used to explain situations as well as people who fail to comply with the social expectations. The vampires help

Developing a Pre-sentence Investigation Report Interview Guide Essay

Developing a Pre-sentence Investigation Report Interview Guide - Essay Example ances of the arrest, the evidence or suspicion that led the officer to book the suspect, the crime of offense he or she is charged with, and the events after the suspect has been booked. The pre-sentence investigation report is usually prepared by the arresting or investigating officer once the defendant/ suspect or offender is at the police precinct. This document is usually presented before a judge in the course of the hearings that may transpire in the event the accused is found guilty of the crimes for which he has been booked. This is a legal requirement. The pre-sentence investigation report is the outcome of an interview between the defendant and the investigating officer and usually includes basic information about the defendant as well as the circumstances of the arrest and the crime of which he is being charged. A typical pre-sentence report would include the following details: The first question allows the defendant to tell his story or his version of the events in a completely open and unbiased manner. This is especially if the arresting officer is not the one who is interviewing the defendant. However the arresting officer’ s version of these events are also as important, if not more, as the defendant usually lies to protect himself and his real intentions. The second question allows the defendant to establish his version of the events and prove them by any evidential means possible. In a minority of cases, the arresting officer may be wrong or make an incorrect arrest depending on the circumstances, just to diffuse social tension or deal with the situation. That is why it is also important sometimes, where possible, to revisit the scene of the crime and try to contact any persons or witnesses who were there at the time the crime was committed or frequent the location or work there in the normal course of events. These witnesses or onlookers can provide invaluable clues as to the events that occurred (cjcj.org website, 2011) Q. 3. Is this your

Global News Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global News Agenda - Essay Example News usually construct ‘them’ to show a fairer representation of those who are far in terms of culture or space and they include the neighbors abroad and the strangers living amongst them (Ginneken 1998). The news reports usually produce meanings which construct ideological representations of the different groups of people from different countries. Media usually report distant suffering in their news which brings about the construction of ‘us’ versus ‘them’. The language used in the news reports brings different meanings within the social context as to some the ‘us’ versus ‘them’ brings about negative values (Kamalipour and Snow 2004). Unprecedented censorship is also evident with how news is constructed. In most cases, the ‘us’ versus ‘them’ is created whenever there is suffering in the country or culture to be aired. The media creates ‘us’ versus ‘them’ in order to c reate specific subject position for both the spectators and suffers. The spectators ‘us’ may take the position of activists, philanthropists or even voyeurs while suffers ‘them’ take the position of a human being or abstract number. Theoretical perspectives will be used in the analysis and evaluation of how the news constructs a sense of ‘us’ versus ‘them’ between different nations. Agenda setting theory Agenda setting theory shows how the media highly affects the order of presentation in the news reports about events and issues in the minds of the public (Dearing and Roger 1996). Global news agenda is based on the construction of ‘us’ versus ‘them’. This theory also shows how the media had a high influence on the public by their ability to tell us on the important issues. The main aim of this theory is to create a public awareness and to show the salient issues created by the news media. Different aspects of the media are encompassed in this theory which shows different ways on how news is constructed. 1. Freedom of press and expression world wide Freedom of press helps the media in constructing ‘us’ versus ‘them’. Freedom of speech in Middle East is enshrined in article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights (ICCPR). It is also based on the UN treaty which is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Magee 2002). Social solidarity is part of cosmopolitanism and it includes the bonds of mutual commitments based on more than similarities of pre-established identities. Social solidarity puts it clearly that all citizens are engaged in the making of a better future for everyone. Cosmopolitan explains how global media institutions have the power to create publics around the world as non-communitarian publics. Cosmopolitan is the willingness to relate with other people. The way media constructs news about distant suffering rarel y does it cultivate a cosmopolitan sensibility or a global public (Ginneken 1998). For example, airing news on how people are being maimed killed or burned or even tortured is the creation of cosmopolitan through the TV news where it creates a spectatorship of suffering to ‘us’ the viewers. Global news does not also overcome the

What A Good American Should Be Like Essay Example for Free

What A Good American Should Be Like Essay To many, America is already a much developed country. Yet a lot of Americans themselves find it difficult to accept that their country is already at its peak success. Why? This is primarily because of the unequal views of both races and people’s economic status. These two are only a few of the many reasons why Americans refuse to say that they have already attained the American Dream. In this paper, two views of two different writers shall be examined. Namely, Leon E. Wynter who wrote the essay â€Å"Transracial America Sells†, and Langston Hughes who wrote the poem â€Å"Let America Be America Again† Before the writings are to be observed and examined, it’s very important that we gain knowledge about who the writers really are so as to be able to understand why they have views such as what they wrote. Leon E. Wynter has been writing for the Wall Street Journal for about 10 years now and has also been a regular contributor to the National Public Radio. His essays and articles which are published in the Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, New York Times and New York Newsday are usually a series of discussions on how the elimination of racial discrimination, specifically that of the black-Americans and the white-Americans, in the marketplace could contribute to the attainment of the American dream of equality. On the other hand, Langston Hughes is known for his poetry and compositions on how the old America used to dream of a free America in the future. He’s also known for contributing so much to the Harlem Renaissance through his written works. His writings show of his opinion on how laboring the people could help eliminate the inequality in the American society. As we go through these paper, several questions are to be considered to clearly understand what these two writers really suggest for the fulfillment of the American dream. Here are some of the questions we must consider: Which vision of the American dream is more compelling? Will the American dream be fulfilled by the marketplace or by labor? Which writer has a deeper understanding and what are the problems with the views of the less convincing writer?

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1.1 Terminology Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a central nervous system demyelinating event isolated in time that is may or may not lead to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a term that describes a first clinical episode with features suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). It usually occurs in young adults (19-30 years old) and affects optic nerves, the brainstem, or the spinal cord. Although patients usually recover from their presenting episode. (1) The term â€Å"clinically isolated syndrome† (CIS) is used to describe a first episode of neurologic episode that lasts at least 24 hours and is caused by inflammation and demyelination in one or more sites in the central nervous system (CNS). CIS may be presented as monofocal or multifocal: Monofocal episode:The person experiences a single neurologic sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis that is caused by a single lesion. Multifocal episode:The person experiences more than one sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis accompanied by weakness on one side of the body (hemiparesis) that is caused by lesions in more than one place in CNS. Individuals who experience a CIS may or may not go on to develop MS. In diagnosing CIS, the physician faces two challenges: first, to determine whether the patient is experiencing a neurologic episode caused by damage of the CNS, and second, to determine the possibility that a person experiencing this type of demyelinating episode is having high risk to develop MS. Of the people who are eventually diagnosed with MS, 85% experienced a first attack that is referred to as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). (1) If an MRI scan of the brain and spinal cord shows evidence suggestive of MS at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome or at the time of a second episode, then MS will be diagnosed. However, not all patients who experience a clinically isolated syndrome will go to develop MS (2). For many patients, there will be no MRI evidence suggestive of MS and no further symptoms or episodes. 1.2 history The first journal article including the term â€Å"clinically isolated syndrome† appeared only 20 years ago .Increasing availability of  magnetic resonance technology in the 80s improved diagnosis of  CNS  demyelinating disorders, and the arrival of disease-modifying medications for  multiple sclerosis  starting in mid-90s increased the importance of correct diagnosis and treatment. Long term follow up studies of patients presenting with an isolated clinical syndrome characteristic of multiple sclerosis led to the identification of risk factors for conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (3). Today, no uniform consensus definition for a clinically isolated syndrome exists. In 2008, a panel of multiple sclerosis experts recommended that a clinically isolated syndrome be defined as a monophasic presentation with suspected underlying inflammatory demyelinating disease and recommended 5 subtypes based on monofocal or multifocal symptoms, presence or absence of asymptomatic MRI lesions, or patients without symptoms but with a suggestive MRI (3,4). 1.3 Epidemiology A study was made to determine whether the incidence of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) the precursor form of multiple sclerosis (MS) that encompasses optic neuritis and transverse myelitis as well as other clinical presentations, varies by race/ethnicity in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort (5). The methods that was used is based on electronic record searches and complete medical records review to identify all newly diagnosed CIS and MS cases in the population-based, multiethnic membership of Southern California Kaiser Permanente (KPSC) between 2008 and 2009. The KPSC membership contributed 7,410,754 person-years of observation during the study period and the racial/ethnic distribution was 36.5% white, 8.6% black, 43.4% Hispanic, 9.3% Asian/Pacific Islanders (Asian/PI) and 1.9% other (6). The results were the identification of 254 incident cases of CIS cases who did not yet met McDonald criteria for MS and did not have other obvious causes (viral, lupus, ischemia). The most common clinical presentation was optic neuritis (48.4%) followed by transverse myelitis (32.7%), other forms of mono-regional CIS (9.8%) and poly-regional CIS (9.1%). The average age at diagnosis with CIS was 42.9 years (range 14.8-80.8) and 70.5% were women. Among CIS cases, the racial/ethnic distribution was 47.6% white, 12.6% black, 33.1% Hispanic, 4.3% Asian/PI and 2.4% other. The incidence of CIS was 3.4 per 100,000 person-years. Incidence of CIS was higher in black (5.1, 95%CI=3.5-7.1) and white, non-Hispanic individuals (4.5, 95%CI=3.7-5.3) compared with white, Hispanic (2.6, 95%CI=2.1-3.2) and Asian/PI individuals (1.6, 95% CI = 0.8 2.9; p In conclusion the incidence of CIS is 3.4 per 100,000 person-years in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort of Southern Californians. The incidence of CIS is higher in black and white individuals compared with Hispanic and Asian/PI individuals.6) 1.4 Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after clinically isolated syndrome Studies suggest that people who experienced a clinically isolated syndrome have a less than 50% risk of developing MS within five years of experiencing the initial symptoms (7). There is no single examination that can determine whether a person who experiences a clinically isolated syndrome will or will not go to develop MS. However, researchers have tried to identify factors that might influence the possibility of developing MS and help differentiate between people who have a higher and lower risk to develop MS. Though these classifications do not establish absolute risk of developing MS, they may help to guide people in making decisions about further testing or treatment (1,7). Figure 1: Progression of the disease for CIS and MS types. Source https://sbvimprover.com Factors that influence the likelihood of developing MS: 1. Type of clinically isolated syndrome Many studies have shown that different types of clinically isolated syndrome (i.e. transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, brainstem syndrome) in relation to the risk of developing MS. These studies suggest that optic neuritis is associated with a lower risk of developing MS and better long-term outcome than other types of clinically isolated syndromes (7). 2. Symptoms experienced during a clinically isolated syndrome Isolated sensory symptoms, which include tingling, numbness, or visual impairment are thought to be associated with a lower risk of developing MS compared to the presence of symptoms of motor system involvement , which are associated with a higher risk .(1) 3. MRI markers A brain MRI scan at the time of the clinical episode of CIS is thought to be the most useful predictive tool. A normal MRI scan showing no lesions is associated with a lower risk of developing MS. In the other hand, a brain scan that shows a high number or volume of lesions is associated with a higher risk of developing MS (1,7). 4. Laboratory markers A test that is used to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of MS is a lumbar puncture. A lumbar puncture involves removing and analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), specific markers in the cerebrospinal fluid have the ability to indicate MS activity. Studies have investigated whether analysis of CSF can help predict the possibility of developing MS after a clinically isolated syndrome. One of these studies was based on the data of 40 patients who presented with a clinically isolated syndrome and have been examined with MRI scanning and CSF analyzing within the following two months. Of the 15 patients who developed MS, 14 had abnormalities on MRI and 13 tested positive for markers of disease activity in their CSF. The risk of developing MS was significantly higher in patients who tested positive in CSF analysis and had abnormalities on their first MRI scan compared to patients who were negative for both or one of the tests (7,8). However, because it is less useful as a predictive tool than MRI, a lumbar puncture is not routinely recommended in cases of CIS as described in Table (1). High risk Low risk Motor system symptoms Isolated sensory symptoms High number and volume of brain lesion on MRI Normal brain MRI Table (1): Symptoms in high risk and low risk to develop MS In conclusion motor system symptoms and high number and volume of lesion on brain MRI are indicative of high risk of developing MS, in the other hand isolated sensory symptoms and normal brain MRI are most probably with low risk of developing MS (7).